Prevalence of adenoid hypertrophy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The purpose of our review was to synthesize the existing literature about the prevalence of adenoid hypertrophy (AH) in children and adolescents confirmed by the reference standard - the nasoendoscopy (NE). Six electronic databases and partial grey literature were searched. Studies were included if they reported the prevalence of AH confirmed via NE. Studies involving participants with associated comorbidities and/or fully diagnosed sleep apnea in their sample were excluded. The MAStARI tool assessed the potential risk of bias (RoB) among the studies, while the GRADE approach determined the level of evidence. A total of 5248 patients were included. Seventeen studies were included in the meta-analysis showing an AH prevalence of 49.70% (confidence interval (CI): 39.92 to 59.50). The studies were then divided into 3 groups based on the RoB assessment and patient selection method. The AH prevalence for group 1 (studies having low RoB) was 42.18% (CI: 34.93 to 49.60; n = 2794), for group 2 (studies having moderate RoB) was 70.02% (CI: 40.102 to 92.690; n = 538), and finally for group 3 (studies with randomly collected samples) was 34.46% (CI: 10.507 to 63.742; n = 1446). High heterogeneity between the studies was found. The GRADE approach classified the quality of evidence as moderate. In summary, in a randomized representative sample the prevalence of AH was 34.46%; however, in convenience samples the prevalence ranged from 42 to 70%.

Hipertrofia adenoamigdalar y alteraciones maxilofaciales en niños con trastornos respiratorios asociados al sueño / Adenoid Tonsillar Hypertrophy and Maxillofacial Alterations in Children with Sleep-Related Respiratory Disorders

Introducción: la asociación entre hipertrofia de la adenoides y de la amígdala, las alteraciones maxilofaciales y de la oclusión dentaria en los niños con trastornos respiratorios asociados al sueño es documentada ampliamente por varios autores. Para muchos se estable un círculo vicioso, donde la hipertrofia adenoamigdalar constituye el detonante para el resto de las alteraciones del víscero-cráneo y de la oclusión dentaria.Objetivo: caracterizar los escolares de Moa que roncan según grado de hipertrofia adeno-amigdalar, tipo de oclusión dentaria y severidad de las alteraciones maxilofaciales.Métodos: estudio de corte transversal en el periodo comprendido entre enero-julio de 2012. La muestra se conformó con 797 niños diagnosticados con trastornos respiratorios asociados al sueño. Para la operacionalización de las variables se utilizó el Score de Brouillette, la escala de Weir, el índice de Fujioka, la clasificación de Angle y el sistema de puntuación de Guilleminault.Resultados: el 34,51 por ciento de los pacientes tenían hipertrofia adenoamigdalar, en el 61,76 por ciento de los roncadores sintomáticos secundarios a hipertrofia adenoidea se observó aumento de volumen grado III y en el 56,52 por ciento de los secundarios a hipertrofia amigdalar el aumento de tamaño era grado IV. La oclusión dentaria clase III se observó en el 38,33 por ciento de los roncadores sintomáticos, mientras que el 12,50 por ciento tenían alteraciones severas del desarrollo maxilofacial.Conclusiones: la mayoría de los escolares de Moa, con trastornos respiratorios asociados al sueño tenían hipertrofia de las estructuras que forman el anillo linfoide de Waldeyer, principalmente hipertrofia adenoamigdalar. Los niños roncadores sintomáticos expresaron mayor grado de hipertrofia del adenoides, de amígdala o adenoamigdalar, así como, alteraciones del desarrollo maxilofacial más severas(AU)

Introduction: the association between the adenoid hypertrophy, tonsillar hypertrophy maxillofacial alterations and the teeth occlusion, have been widely documented by several authors in children with sleep-disordered breathing. For most of them there is a vicious cycle established, where the adenoid-tonsillar hypertrophy constitutes the main item for the rest of the visceral-cranial alterations and the teeth occlusion.Objective: to characterize the snoring scholars of Moa according to the degree of the adenoidal-tonsillar hyperplasia, kina of teeth occlusion and severity of the maxillofacial alterations.Methods: a cross- sectional study from January to July 2012 was done. The sample comprised 797 children for sleep-disordered breathing. Store the Brouillette, Weir scale, Fujioka index, Angle classification, and Guilleminault punctuation were the variables used.Results: 34.51 percent of patients were diagnosed with adenoid tonsillar hyperplasia, 61.76 percent of the secondary symptomatic snorers to adenoid hyperplasia showed a volume increase of grade III and the 56.52 percent of the secondary to tonsillar hyperplasia showed a size increase of grade IV. The type II teeth occlusion was showed in 38.33 percent of the symptomatic snorers, while the 12.50 percent showed severe alterations of the maxillofacial development.Conclusions: most of the scholars in the city of Moa suffer from the structures forming the ring lymphoid of Waldeyer, mainly adenoid tonsillar hyperplasia. The symptomatic snoring children expressed greater grade of adenoid hyperplasia, tonsillar or adenoid tonsillar hyperplasia, as well as more severe alterations of the maxillofacial development(AU)

Eficacia del videolaringoscopio GlideScope® en un caso de vía aérea difícil imprevista por hipertrofia de la amígdala lingual / Effectiveness of the GlideScope® video laryngoscope in a case of unexpected difficult airway due to lingual tonsil hypertrophy

La hipertrofia de amígdala lingual puede ocasionar diversos grados de obstrucción de la vía aérea y se la considera un factor de riesgo de dificultad de ventilación con mascarilla facial y de intubación traqueal. Presentamos un caso de vía aérea difícil imprevista en una paciente con hipertrofia de amígdala lingual desconocida, la cual se solucionó con la utilización del videolaringoscopio GlideScope® (AU)

Lingual tonsil hypertrophy can cause varying degrees of airway obstruction and is considered a risk factor for difficult mask ventilation and tracheal intubation. We report a case of unexpected difficult airway in a patient with unknown lingual tonsil hypertrophy that was solved with the use of the GlideScope® video laryngoscope (AU)

Resultados del tratamiento de los carcinomas epidermoides orofaríngeos mediante cirugía transoral / Outcomes following transoral resection of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Introducción y objetivos: Los carcinomas de orofaringe son neoplasias agresivas habitualmente diagnosticadas en estadios avanzados. El objetivo de este estudio es exponer los resultados oncológicos y funcionales del tratamiento de estos tumores mediante resección quirúrgica transoral (RTO). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en 43 pacientes con carcinoma epidermoide de orofaringe tratados mediante RTO. En el 52% de los casos el tumor se originaba en la región amigdalina, en el 23% en el paladar blando, en el 21% en la base de la lengua y en el 4% en la pared posterior. Ocho casos se clasificaron como estadio I, 9 como estadio II, 7 como estadio III, 16 como estadio IVA y 3 como estadio IVB. Dieciocho pacientes recibieron radioterapia postoperatoria. Se revisaron las historias de estos pacientes para obtener información en cuanto a control local y regional, supervivencia total y específica de la enfermedad, y función fonatoria y deglutoria. Resultados: La tasa global de recidivas fue del 44%, siendo la tasa de recidivas locales del 18%. La supervivencia global y específica a los 5 años fue del 55% y 66%, respectivamente. Las tasas de supervivencia específica a los 5 años según la localización tumoral fueron del 100%, 85%, 44%, y 30% para la pared posterior, amígdala, paladar blando y base de la lengua. El control local a los 5 años fue del 100%, 90%, y 0% para el paladar, amígdala y base de la lengua, respectivamente. En todos los casos se preservó la laringe, y los pacientes no requirieron traqueotomía definitiva y reanudaron la alimentación oral. Conclusiones: La RTO es una alternativa terapéutica eficaz para el tratamiento primario de los carcinomas de orofaringe, en la era de la quimio-radioterapia, obteniendo unos buenos resultados oncológicos y funcionales (AU)

Introduction and objectives: The aim of our study was to evaluate outcomes of a minimally invasive approach, using transoral surgery (TOS) as the primary treatment for oropharyngeal carcinoma. Methods: We reviewed 43 previously untreated patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma, who were treated with TOS. Distribution of the primary tumor site was: tonsil (52%), soft palate (23%), base of the tongue (21%) and posterior wall (4%). Eight patients had a stage I disease, 9 had a stage II disease, 7 had a stage III disease, 16 had a stage IVA, and 3 had stage IVB disease. Eighteen patients underwent postoperative radiotherapy. Records of these patients were reviewed to obtain measures such as local and regional control, overall and disease-specific survival, and speech and swallowing function. Results: The overall recurrence rate was 44%, and the local recurrence rate was 18%. The 5-year overall survival and disease-specific survival rates were 55% and 66%, respectively. Five-year disease-specific survival rates by site were as follows: 100%, 85%, 44%, and 30% for posterior wall, tonsil, soft palate and base of the tongue, respectively. Five-year estimates for local control were 100%, 90%, and 0% for palate, tonsil and for base of the tongue tumors, respectively. All of the patients preserved the larynx and live without tracheotomy and oral alimentation was successfully without feeding tube. Conclusions: TOS as the primary treatment approach offers a surgical alternative for treatment of the primary oropharyngeal tumor, in the era of chemoradiation therapy. This approach confers a good local control and functional outcomes (AU)

Síndrome de la apnea-hipoapnea obstructiva del sueño en el niño: más allá de la hipertrofia adenoamigdalar / Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome in children: Beyond adenotonsillar hypertrophy

La prevalencia del síndrome de la apnea-hipoapnea obstructiva del sueño en la población infantil general es del 1-2% y su causa más frecuente es la hipertrofia adenoamigdalar. Las prevalencias en las otras causas de este síndrome, más allá de la hipertrofia adenoamigdalar, son elevadas. En muchas de estas enfermedades los motivos por los que se genera el síndrome de la apnea-hipoapnea obstructiva del sueño son multifactoriales (hipotonía muscular, alteraciones dentofaciales, hipertrofia de tejidos blandos de la vía aérea, alteraciones neurológicas). Es fundamental la colaboración entre las diferentes especialidades implicadas, dada la gran variabilidad de enfermedades, la frecuente participación de diferentes factores en su génesis y los diferentes tratamientos que deben aplicarse. Se ha procedido a una amplia revisión bibliográfica de estas otras causas de síndrome de la apnea-hipoapnea obstructiva del sueño infantil, que van más allá de la hipertrofia adenoamigdalar. Se han intentado ordenar de una forma coherente, a criterio del autor, revisando los aspectos más destacados con relación a la prevalencia de síndrome de la apnea-hipoapnea obstructiva del sueño en cada una de ellas, los motivos por los que provocan este síndrome, sus interacciones y manejo (AU)

The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome in the general childhood population is 1-2% and the most common cause is adenotonsillar hypertrophy. However, beyond adenotonsillar hypertrophy, there are other highly prevalent causes of this syndrome in children. The causes are often multifactorial and include muscular hypotonia, dentofacial abnormalities, soft tissue hypertrophy of the airway, and neurological disorders). Collaboration between different specialties involved in the care of these children is essential, given the wide variability of conditions and how frequently different factors are involved in their genesis, as well as the different treatments to be applied. We carried out a wide literature review of other causes of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome in children, beyond adenotonsillar hypertrophy. We organised the prevalence of this syndrome in each pathology and the reasons that cause it, as well as their interactions and management, in a consistent manner (AU)

[The effect of orthodontic treatment on the change of oropharynx features in patients with dentoalveolar anomalies and nasopharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy].

The paper presents the results of comprehensive survey and orthodontic treatment of 40 children with dentoalveolar anomalies and nasopharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy aged 7-9 years. The linear parameters obtained by cone beam CT and TWH in the lateral projection were analyzed. The study revealed changes, indicating that the presence of nasopharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy, leads to pathology of the dental system and estimated the efficiency of muscle training and combined use of functional devices and elastopositioner «Corrector¼ for the treatment of anomalies of dentition and the formation of physiological occlusion in the process of permanent teeth eruption.

Órgãos linfóides do trato respiratório superior: desenvolvimento normal, alterações e influências funcionais / Lymphocyte organs of the upper respiratory tract: normal development, alterations and functional influences

Problemas posturais de cabeça, mandíbula, lábios e língua, assim como alterações no padrão respiratório nasal, podem ser resultado da hipertrofia dos órgãos linfóides denominados tonsilas, mais conhecidos como amídalas e adenóide. Sua importância clínica no cotidiano ortodôntico é relevante devido as influências em relação ao padrão facial, diagnóstico e plano de tratamento.As tonsilas são estruturas linfóides que, quando hipertrofiados, são mencionadas constantemente na literatura ortodôntica como obstrutoras do espaço faríngeo e, de modo geral, essas pesquisas concordam que a hipertrofia dessas estruturas dificulta a respiração nasal, resultando em respiração bucal. Com base nesses conceitos, este trabalho tem o objetivo de elucidar de uma forma objetiva a influência que esses órgãos linfóides, quando hipertrofiados, exercem sobre o padrão facial esquelético.

Postural problems of head, neck, jaw, lips and cheeks as well as lack of nasal respiratory function can be some outcome of hypertrophy of the lymphocyte organs or tonsils. Its clinical relevance in the orthodontic practice is due to its influence exerted on maxillofacial development and growth, as well as on diagnosis and plan of treatment. Tonsils are lymphocyte structures quoted in orthodontic literature as obstructive structures of pharyngeal space when hypertrophied. In general way, researchers agree that this hypertrophy hampers nasal breathing, establishing mouth breathing and leading to maxillofacial development and growth changes. Based on these concepts, this article intends to make a literature survey to elucidate in a clear and objective way the influence of these lymphocyte hypertrophied organs on facial development.

Estudo cefalométrico e nasofibroscópico das características craniofaciais e oclusais em pacientes com obstrução das vias aéreas superiores / Cephalometric and nasofibroscopic study of craniofacial and occlusal characteristics of patients with upper airways obstruction

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o crescimento e desenvolvimento craniofacial, oclusal e a freqüência das patologias obstrutivas nos indivíduos com obstrução das vias aéreas superiores. Foram selecionados 50 pacientes de 7 a 12 anos de idade, que foram submetidos aos exames: otorrinolaringológico, nasofibroscópico, ortodôntico e radiográfico. A amostra foi dividida em 30 pacientes com obstrução das vias aéreas superiores (Grupo de estudo) e 20 pacientes sem obstrução (Grupo controle). No grupo de estudo, investigou-se a patologia obstrutiva prevalente. Compararam-se os dois grupos para avaliar se havia diferenças entre eles em relação: ao tipo de palato e à presença ou não de mordida cruzada; à classificação de Angle; à posição da maxila e da mandíbula; à altura facial (inferior, posterior e total) e ao padrão facial (braquifacial, mesofacial e dolicofacial). Foram utilizados 12 cefalométricos da Análise de Ricketts. A causa mais freqüente de obstrução foi a hipertrofia das adenóides. Comparando-se os dois grupos, não encontramos diferença em relação à classificação de Angle, mas encontramos diferença de médias estatisticamente significativas em oito fatores cefalométricos. No grupo de estudo houve maior incidência de palato atrésico e mordida cruzada; a maxila estava bem posicionada e a mandíbula estava retroposicionada e rotacionada em sentido horário, em relação à base do crânio; as alturas maxilar, inferior e total estavam aumentadas e o padrão dolicofacial prevaleceu.

Velopharyngeal insufficiency and articulation impairment in velo-cardio-facial syndrome: the influence of adenoids on phonemic development.

Velo-cardio-facial syndrome is the most common contiguous gene disorder in humans and constitutes 8% of patients with clefts of the secondary palate. Speech disorders, including severe hypernasality and articulation impairment have been documented as among the most common clinical manifestations of the disorder. A series of 36 consecutive patients with VCFS ranging in age from 3 to 14 years, all confirmed to have a 22q11.2 deletion, were studied to determine specific risk factors associated with VPI and articulation impairment. Factors studied included palatal clefting, hypotonia, platybasia, and adenoid size. The factor that correlated most strongly with speech disorders was adenoid hypoplasia or absence, a common manifestation in the syndrome. It is hypothesized that early identification of the absence or hypoplasia of the adenoids can result in the implementation of appropriate therapy plans to avoid severe disorders of speech intelligibility.

[Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children]. / Het obstructief slaapapnoesyndroom bij kinderen.

The obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) in children is a clinical syndrome resulting from complete or partial obstruction of the upper respiratory tract during sleep. The pathogenesis is multifactorial; clear risk groups are children with anatomical anomalies of the upper airways, neurological abnormalities and genetic syndromes (including craniofacial syndromes). The clinical symptoms of OSAS in children vary. In partial obstructions, the most frequent forms, the patients may snore and have impaired respiration during sleep. Polysomnography contributes to definite confirmation and specification of the clinical diagnosis. Standard values should be interpreted with respect to age. Adenotonsillectomy is the most frequent treatment of children with OSAS. In persistent symptoms, continuous positive pressure therapy is often successful. The natural evolution and the long-term prognosis of OSAS in children are still unknown.

Effect of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on obese children with sleep-associated breathing disorders.

In children and adolescents there have been only few reports dealing with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) associated with morbid obesity. We report here on sleep-associated breathing disorders in morbidly obese children and the effect of adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy on sleep-associated breathing disorders. The subjects were 31 children with morbid obesity. The mean patient age was 7.9 years ranging from 2 to 14 years. The percentage of expected body weight ranged from 130% to 260%. All of them had adeno-tonsillar hypertrophy. We undertook the study during the period of natural sleep. Percentage of sleeping period with irregular breathing was determined by means of respisomnogram and the percentage of sleeping period with SpO(2) > or = 90% with a pulse oximeter. The percentage of sleeping period with irregular breathing ranged from 10% to 85% before the operation. In all cases, the irregular breathing period decreased almost to zero after the adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy. The percentage of sleeping period with SpO(2) > or = 90% ranged from 1.7% to 95%. The percentage was related to reduction of body weight and it increased gradually as a result of a diet given as therapy. Our studies reveal that weight control may result in partial cure of sleep-associated breathing disorders. Operations, such as adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy, were remarkably effective in treating sleep-associated breathing disorders of severely obese children with large adenoids and tonsils, even if the severe obesity remained.

Hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils and sleep respiratory disorders.

A simplified method for the diagnosis of sleep respiratory disorders in children was explored on the basis of visual inspection. The subjects were 31 children suffering from symptoms of upper airway constriction. Polysomnography was carried out on all patients to measure the mesopharyngeal pressure amplitude (MPA). The patients were divided into the following four groups: Group A (degree I hypertrophy at rest), Group B (degree II hypertrophy both at rest and during pharyngeal reflex), Group C (degree II hypertrophy at rest and degree III hypertrophy during pharyngeal reflex), and Group D (degree II hypertrophy at rest, accompanied by forward protrusion from the anterior faucial pillar). The MPA values were 26.0 +/- 13.7, 39.2 +/- 18.3, 86.9 +/- 36.4 and 84.6 +/- 16.3 cmH(2)O in Groups A, B, C and D, respectively. The MPA values in Groups C and D were significantly higher than those in Groups A and B. The result of this study suggest that the MPA values are high and sleep respiratory disorders severe in cases from Groups C and D. The severity of sleep respiratory disorders in children was estimated to a considerable extent by checking these parameters.

Adenotonsillar hypertrophy and skeletal morphology of children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

To define the role of adenotonsillar hypertrophy and facial morphology in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children we performed a cephalometric analysis of an OSA group and an age-matched control group. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy was remarkable in OSA children at every age level. Maxillary protrusion expressed by SNA was significantly smaller in the OSA group than in the control group for elderly children (5-9 years old). Mandibul protrusion expressed by SNB was significantly smaller in the OSA group even at younger ages (1-2 years). The hyoid bone was significantly lower in the OSA group than in the control group who were from 3 to 6 years. Environmental factors due to upper airway obstruction as well as genetic factors are suspected to cause abnormal facial morphology in OSA children.

Head and neck manifestations of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is a congenital disorder manifested by organomegaly, omphalocele, hypoglycemia, and macroglossia. We have found a significant number of these children to be at risk for upper airway obstruction during infancy or childhood. In this review of 13 children, 2 required tracheotomy during infancy for cor pulmonale caused by macroglossia. Seven of nine children older than 1 year required tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy to relieve upper airway obstruction. Although macroglossia can be a cause of airway obstruction in infants with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, we have found that airway obstruction during childhood is related to tonsillar and adenoidal hypertrophy and not to macroglossia. Anterior tongue reduction is reserved for the correction of malocclusion, articulation errors, or cosmesis, whereas tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy may be curative of obstructive symptoms.

Effects of adenotonsillar hypertrophy on snoring in children.

A prospective study was performed to evaluate the effects of adenotonsillar hypertrophy on snoring in children. Thirty male patients were grouped with respect to the severity of snoring and were evaluated in terms of the noise level of the snoring sound, the lowest arterial oxygen saturation, degree of palatine tonsillar hypertrophy, body mass index and cephalometric findings that included the adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratio, the angle between the lines sella turcica/nasion and most posterior point of anterior maxilla/nasion, the angle between the lines sella turcica/nasion and most posterior point of anterior mandible/nasion, the posterior airway space, the distance from the sella to the nasion, lower face height and the distance from the basion to the posterior nasal spine. The noise level of the snoring sound, the lowest arterial oxygen saturation and the adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratio showed a significant correlation with the severity of snoring, but the degree of palatine tonsillar hypertrophy and the body mass index failed to disclose any significant relationship.

Evaluación cefalométrica de hipertrofia de cornete en el niño respirador bucal / Cephalometric evaluation of turbinate hypertrophy in the mouth breather child

Se estudiaron 27 pacientes con sindrome de obstrucción respiratoria. Por medio de telerradiografías laterales se evaluaron dimensiones de nasofaringe midiendo sobre las mismas hipertrofia de cornetes y adenoides. Otros estudios fueron realizados sobre telerradiografías frontales y rinomanometrías. Se realizaron cefalogramas Ricketts y Mc Namara. Se obtuvo como resultado que el área libre en respiradores bucales por hipertrofia de cornetes y adenoides disminuye significativamente dificultando el pasaje aéreo normal y que el valor medio de H.C. es de 8,2 mm. En el estudio de estructuras profundas el plano palatino, el mandibular, profundidad facial y altura facial inferior fueron los más significativamente alterados